The leader’s vision should override liberal democratic norms when they conflict with regime survival.

Opposition should be contained, neutralized, or outmaneuvered rather than accommodated.

A ruler should cultivate an image of exceptionalism, including claims of unusual personal gifts or healing powers.

Development, security, and order are best achieved through centralized command.

Mass public messaging and symbolic gestures are important tools of rule.

Political survival requires constant vigilance against enemies, real or imagined, inside and outside the state.